Most people should not buy individual stocks.
That might sound strange or even hypocritical coming from someone who writes about stocks for a living. After all, a big part of my job is dedicated to helping readers identify stocks that will beat the market.
To that end, I consult analysts' research and recommendations, look at the usual suspects of fundamentals and valuations and technicals, and try to stick to a sort of "wisdom of crowds" methodology to try to help patient investors get the most out of their portfolios.
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But as for myself? I index.
Here's why.
It's almost impossible to beat the market for any sort of sustained period of time. You might get lucky for a year or two; maybe three even. But you are probably not the next Warren Buffett. I know for certain that I'm not.
How could I be when the vast majority of professional money managers can't beat their benchmarks?
You can see this sad fact for yourself by reading Standard & Poor's SPIVA Scorecard, which tracks the performance of actively managed mutual funds. In 2022, a year in which the S&P 500 generated a total return of -18% – or one of the worst years ever for stocks – 51% of all U.S. large-cap active mutual funds failed to beat the broader market.
Incredibly, 2022 was actually a great year for active management compared to how it usually fares. In 2021, 85% of domestic large-cap funds came up short. And over the past 20 years? It's a wipeout. More than 92% of all U.S. active funds underperformed the S&P Composite 1500. Almost 95% of all U.S. large-cap funds trailed the S&P 500 over the past 20 years.
There goes your retirement.
Mind you, these aren't financial journalists who are failing to produce returns that at least track a cheap S&P ETF. We're talking about full-time professionals, often working in teams with access to proprietary research and tools, industry conferences, meetings with CEOs and all that good stuff.
True, sometimes you'll hear people argue that since most fund managers can't beat their benchmarks, the solution is simple: just invest with the ones who can. There's a problem with that too. As SPIVA has documented, hot managers don't stay hot for long. Keeping a streak of market-beating years alive is called "persistence," and it's rare.
Before we pull out the pitchforks for active management, please know this: it's not really their fault that most of them can't beat the market most years. You also can't blame them for flaming out after a hot run.
Why active managers underperform
First of all, there are a bunch of structural things that handicap professional managers. I don't want to get into the weeds here, but one example is the issue of being forced to sell your winners.
It works like this: active funds are usually required by their own rules to maintain a highly diversified portfolio. If Nvidia (NVDA) stock soars and grows to become more than, say, 3% of the fund, the manager has to cut back on the position in order to keep NVDA's portfolio weight in check. In other words, the manager has to sell NVDA at precisely the time she would probably most like to be buying NVDA.
Making matters worse, the cash from the NVDA sale then has to be deployed somewhere else – and it probably won't be in a stock that's almost tripled in the past 52 weeks.
Diversification is generally a good thing, but you can see how it can actually hamper a fund's returns. Note that Warren Buffett's stock portfolio has always been highly concentrated. (He likes to say that diversification is for people who don't know what they're doing.) Apple (AAPL) alone accounts for nearly half of Berkshire Hathaway's (BRK.B) equity investments. Buffett's top five holdings comprise about 78% of Berkshire's portfolio value.
Berkshire Hathaway's stock returns have more than doubled those of the S&P 500 since 1965. Buffett clearly knows what he's doing. It should go without saying that most of us are not Warren Buffett.
As for why hot managers suddenly go cold? There are a bunch of reasons. One of the biggies is that a lot of managers just happen to catch on to the right trends at the right time. One could argue that Cathie Woods' ARK Innovation ETF (ARKK) is a recent example of this phenomenon.
In other cases, it's true that fund managers with a real talent for spying bargains do exist. But these folks too often become victims of their own success. Investors chase hot managers the same way they chase hot stocks. Once a manager becomes financial-world famous – with TV hits on CNBC and interviews in Barron's – client assets start pouring in. It should be a nice problem to have, except that a manager might find she has a lot more cash to deploy than she does good ideas of where to put it.
Most stocks can't beat the market
But here's the No 1 reason why most professionals can't beat the market: it's because most stocks can't beat the market.
We know this thanks to the good work of Hendrik Bessembinder, a finance professor at the W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University. He found that between 1990 and 2020, more than 55% of all U.S. stocks underperformed risk-free one-month U.S. Treasury bills.
These stocks didn't just fail to beat the market. They failed to beat, like, cash.
Even more depressing, the professor found that the entirety of the $76 trillion in net global stock market wealth created over that 30-year period was generated solely by the top-performing 2.4% of stocks.
If you can find the needle in the haystack, go for it. But what you are most likely to reap is a heap of opportunity cost.
These facts won't keep me from writing about stocks as honestly and analytically as possible. Readers want stock picks and I love helping them find them. But the data are the data. Indexing makes the most sense for most people, and there's certainly no shortage of inexpensive S&P 500 ETFs.
If nothing else, at least readers can rest assured that I don't have any conflicts of interest when I highlight, say, the best dividend stocks for dependable dividend growth.
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