How much money do you make? That’s a fairly easy question.
OK, now how much money do you spend? That one’s a little tougher. What exactly counts as spending? Are we including taxes? If you’re paying down a mortgage, is the principal portion considered spending? What about your kid’s tuition payment from the 529 account?
As you can see, it’s usually easier to think about your money in terms of your income rather than your spending. That’s why your income replacement rate — the percentage of your preretirement income before taxes that you’ll need to support your lifestyle in retirement — can be a useful planning tool.
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This simple metric, which doesn’t require you to do any tricky tax calculations, may help you put your retirement finances into clearer context. The key to making this percentage useful is to estimate it with your specific financial situation in mind.
First, for a general rule of thumb, start with 75%
After analyzing many scenarios, we found that a 75% replacement rate may be a good starting point to consider for your income replacement rate. This means that if you make $100,000 shortly before retirement, you can start planning using the ballpark expectation that you’ll need about $75,000 a year to live on in retirement.
Why would you likely need less income in retirement than during your working years? Typically, it’s because:
- Most people spend less in retirement. (For more on that, read 10 Things You’ll Spend Less on in Retirement.)
- Some of your income during your working years went toward saving for retirement, which isn’t necessary anymore.
- Your taxes will likely be lower — especially payroll taxes, but probably income taxes as well.
The 75% income replacement rate ballpark figure is based on reducing your spending at retirement by 5% and saving 8% of your gross household income during your working years. We chose 8% because it’s about the average that people are saving in their retirement accounts.
Then tailor that rule of thumb to fit your own needs
There are several reasons the 75% starting point may not be right for you. First, the initial savings and spending assumptions may not be appropriate. For example, you may be saving closer to the 15% we recommend for retirement. Fortunately, our analysis found that this is a pretty easy adjustment to make. Every extra percentage point of savings beyond 8%, or spending reduction beyond 5%, reduces your income replacement rate by about 1 percentage point. Think of these adjustments as a nearly one-to-one ratio.
So, if you’re saving 12% of your income instead of the 8% we assumed, take your replacement rate of 75% and subtract 4 percentage points, resulting in a personally adjusted estimate of around 71%.
Next, the way you’ve saved for retirement also affects the replacement rate. The 75% starting point assumes all savings are pretax — like a traditional 401(k) or IRA. That’s a conservative assumption, since you’re fully taxed on those assets when you withdraw them. Saving with a Roth account, on the other hand, is after tax and can generate tax-free income, which means if you have a large proportion of your retirement savings in Roth accounts, your income replacement rate should be lower.
Third, your marital status and household income are two factors that affect Social Security benefits and your tax situation. Those two factors, in turn, affect your income replacement rate. The 75% starting point reflects a household earning around $100,000 to $150,000 before retirement.
To sum it all up, you can check the chart below for a good starting point, then make some adjustments based on the parameters above.
Source: T. Rowe Price, Income Replacement in Retirement.
Assumptions: The household’s income and spending keep pace with inflation until retirement, and then spending is reduced by 5%. Spouses are the same age, and “dual income” means that the one spouse generates 75% of the income that the other spouse earns. Federal taxes are based on rates as of January 1, 2022. While rates are scheduled to revert to pre-2018 levels after 2025, those rates are not reflected in these calculations. The household uses the standard deduction, files jointly (if married), and is not affected by alternative minimum tax or any tax credits. The household saves 8% of its gross income, all pretax. Federal income tax in retirement assumes all income is taxed at ordinary rates and reflects the phase-in of Social Security benefit taxation. State taxes are a flat 4% of income after pretax savings and are not assessed on Social Security income. Social Security benefits are based on the SSA.gov Quick Calculator (claiming at full retirement age), which includes an assumed earnings history pattern.
Now you can use the replacement rate to help you plan
You’ll notice that the chart breaks down the replacement rate into income sources. Understanding the income you’ll need from sources other than Social Security can help you estimate a savings level to aim for before you retire.
At higher income levels, the net effect is that Social Security benefits make up a much smaller percentage of the total income replacement rate — meaning more savings or other income sources would be needed to fund retirement.
A practical example
Suppose you’re single and earn $100,000 a year before taxes. To keep it simple, let’s say our assumptions seem mostly reasonable to you. Based on the graph above, you should plan to replace around 74%, or $74,000, of that income. Let’s then assume you expect $28,000 of annual Social Security benefits, in which case you’ll need about $46,000 of gross income from other sources.
To find out how much you might need to save for retirement, you can work backward from there. If you’re comfortable with a 4% initial withdrawal rate on your assets, then you should aim for a $1.15 million nest egg. (To arrive at that figure, we took $46,000 and divided by 0.04.) That’s in today’s dollars, so you’ll want to bump that up for inflation, especially if you’re a long way from retirement.
Another way to think of it — for this example — is to aim to save an amount equal to about 11.5 times your income just before retirement: $100,000 times 11.5 equals $1.15 million. We recommend that most people consider a target of between seven and 13.5 times their ending salary.
The replacement rate is just the beginning
There’s no “right” number that works for everyone, and your situation can change over time. As you approach retirement, it will be important for you to assess your spending needs more carefully. But for someone several years from retirement, the income replacement rate — which is based on estimated spending — can be a helpful guide.
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