When it comes to the basics of personal finances, there's considerable variation among the states of our union.
That's the finding of securities industry group Finra (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority), which surveyed more than 28,000 Americans in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. It asked five questions about money management basics -- for instance, Buying a single company's stock usually provides a safer return than a stock mutual fund. True or false? -- to derive a Financial Capability score. Finra also asked five questions about how Americans actually managed their own money -- Have you ever tried to figure out how much you need to save for retirement? Yes or no -- to produce a Financial Behavior score. (By the way, you, too, can take the quiz.)
We added each state's Financial Capability ranking and its Financial Behavior ranking, then divided the sum in half to create a blended score. So what are the most financially literate and financially challenged states? The results may surprise you.
5. Washington State (Most Literate)
Financial Capability rank: 5th
Financial Behavior rank: 8th
Unemployment rate: 8.3% (National average is 8.1%)
On capability: Is it safer to own a stock mutual fund or a single company stock? In the Evergreen State, 64% of respondents got the right answer (mutual fund) -- the best score of any state. At the same time, they were just in the middle of the pack for understanding that shortening a mortgage term reduces interest costs over the long term.
On behavior: Almost nine out of ten Washingtonians said they had a savings account, money market account or CD -- second place, nationally. They also ranked #3 for having put aside money for a rainy-day fund or emergencies.
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3. Idaho (Most Literate, tied with...)
Financial Capability rank: 4th
Financial Behavior rank: 7th
Unemployment rate: 7.9%
On capability: Residents of the Gem State did best on this question: A 15-year mortgage typically requires higher monthly payments than a 30-year mortgage, but the total interest paid over the life of the loan will be less. True or false? Eight-six percent gave the correct answer, true.
On behavior: Idaho residents were buoyed by a fourth-place finish for having taken the time to figure out how much they'll need to retire and for having sought advice from a financial professional sometime in the past five years. Residents also scored well on understanding that inflation reduces the spending power of your investment return.
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3. Utah (tied with Idaho)
Financial Capability rank: 10th
Financial Behavior rank: 2nd
Unemployment rate: 5.8%
On capability:Residents of the Beehive State had a second-place finish on their understanding of how a shorter mortgage term has higher payments but lower interest costs. Interestingly, they scored much lower -- 16th place, actually -- on understanding how compound interest works.
On behavior: Utahns were more likely than any other state's residents to have run a credit check on themselves or run their own credit score -- 61 percent had done this. They also ranked high -- third among all states -- for having sought advice from a financial professional.
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2. Colorado (Most Literate)
Financial Capability rank: 6th
Financial Behavior rank: 4th
Unemployment rate: 7.8%
On capability: Residents of the Centennial State scored well (fifth place overall) on the question about how shortening a mortgage term reduces interest costs.
On behavior: Coloradans did best (third place overall) on running a credit check on themselves or running their own credit score. They also ranked relatively high for having figured out how much they'll need for retirement.
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1. Minnesota (Most Literate)
Financial Capability rank: 2nd
Financial Behavior rank: 6th
Unemployment rate: 5.8%
On capability: Minnesotans ranked second overall (behind New Hampshire) on the question of how bond prices are affected by a rise in interest rates (they fall) and placed third on the question of whether investing in a mutual fund is safer than a buying a single company's stock. You betcha.
On behavior: They ranked particularly high for having tried to figure out how much they need to save for retirement: Half of respondents said they had.
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5. Kentucky (Least Literate)
Financial Capability rank: 41st
Financial Behavior rank: 50th
Unemployment rate: 8.6%
On capability: Residents of the Bluegrass State had the third-lowest score on the question of diversification: More than half considered a single company's stock less risky than shares in a mutual fund.
On behavior: Kentuckians fared worse at putting knowledge into action, with a dead-last ranking among states on the question of whether they'd obtained a copy of their credit report or run their credit score in the last 12 months -- only 42% had done so.
QUIZ: The Truth About Credit and Debt
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4. West Virginia (Least Literate)
Financial Capability rank: 45th
Financial Behavior rank: 51st
Unemployment rate: 6.9%
On capability: Mountaineers' knowledge of personal finance was near the bottom, though they did somewhat better (35th place) on the question of how inflation reduces the spending power of your rate of return.
On behavior: In West Virginia, survey respondents were last in the union in having sought financial counseling in the last five years.
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2. Louisiana (Least Literate, tied with...)
Financial Capability rank: 51
Financial Behavior rank: 46
Unemployment rate: 7.1%
On capability: Residents of the Sportsman's Paradise posted a last-place result on the question of how inflation would reduce investment returns and savings. They also scored second-to-last in understanding diversification, with just under half believing that a investing in a mutual fund is riskier than owning stock of a single company.
On behavior: Louisianans actually manage their money better than their understanding would suggest, per the survey, with a 25th-place result (37%) having rainy-day or emergency funds set aside.
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2. Arkansas (tied with Louisiana)
Financial Capability rank: 49
Financial Behavior rank: 48
Unemployment rate: 7.4%
On capability: Arkansans didn't grasp the concept of compound interest well -- their results on the question of how much $100 at 2% interest would be worth after five years (answer: More than $102) was the second lowest overall (behind only Tennessee).
On behavior: Only 63% of residents of the Natural State reported having a savings account, money market account or CDs, the lowest of any state.
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1. Mississippi (Least Literate)
Financial Capability rank: 50
Financial Behavior rank: 49
Unemployment rate: 9.0%
On capability: In the Magnolia State, residents had a poor grasp of the concept of diversification: Fewer than half knew whether shares of a mutual fund or single company presented more risk -- the worst among all states. (As point of comparison, in Washington state, 64% answered correctly that investing in shares of a single company is riskier.)
On behavior: The state's residents weren't dead last in any particular category, but they placed third from the bottom for maintaining emergency or rainy-day funds that cover three months worth of expenses.
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More About these Numbers
So, why do these states rank the way they do? There's no easy answer.
Some things are known: Older respondents tend to do better on these questions -- they've had more time to gain wisdom. Similarly, respondents with more education tend to do better as well. Higher income is also linked to better results. There's obviously a lot of variance between states on their populations.
However, the Employment Benefit Research Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based think tank, did a deeper analysis of FINRA's numbers, and it reached an interesting result. Sudipto Banerjee, a researcher for EBRI, controlled for variables such as income, education and wealth between the states so that the states could be compared on a level playing field. He found that for most of:
-- The highest-placing states in financial behavior
-- The lowest-placing states in financial behavior
-- The lowest-placing states in financial capability
A state's position wasn't just the result of its demographic makeup, but may also have something to do with simply living in that state.
And what could that be? EBRI doesn't go on to analyze this. But state factors could include how states regulate their banks -- or more significantly, non-bank lenders like payday and car title lenders. State-by-state efforts to improve financial literacy are a likely factor, but the effects of those programs may only be beginning to be felt. And some effects could be highly specific: More Alaskan residents reported having a bank account or other savings than any other state, for example, but they were just 38th in having a rainy day fund. In other words, they have accounts, but little in them. One possible explanation? Thanks to oil revenues, Alaska distributes money to its residents via its "Permanent Fund", rather than taxing them. Having an account ready for a direct deposit is a logical strategy.
You may know more about why your state is or isn't competent in financial affairs and we encourage you to share in our comments below.
Not in the top five or bottom five and want to see how your state did? Go to EBRI's study and see Appendix A and B to get a ranking and question-by-question analysis.
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