If you have Medicare Part B and/or Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage, you could owe a monthly surcharge based on an income-related monthly adjustment amount (IRMAA).
These surcharges apply to enrollees in original Medicare and Medicare Advantage plans.
The 2025 IRMAA income brackets and Parts B and D surcharges (PDF) went up by almost 3%.
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This year, Medicare beneficiaries with income above $106,000 (for single tax filers), $212,000 for joint filers, and $106,000 (for married people who file separately) will pay the surcharge. For these beneficiaries, total Monthly Part B premiums will range from $259 to $628.90.
The Social Security Administration (SSA) determines your IRMAA eligibility. The IRMAA surcharge represents an increase to Medicare Part B and Part D standard monthly premiums.
The IRMAA surcharge is calculated on a sliding scale with five income brackets, topping out at $500,000 and $750,000 for individual and joint filers, respectively. These figures change annually with inflation.
IRMAA calculations have a two-year lag time. Whether you pay an IRMAA in 2025 depends on the income shown on your 2023 tax returns.
Public sector retirees who received a raise might be fretting that the increase in benefits from the Social Security Fairness Act could trigger the IRMAA in 2026 or 2027.
You should be mindful of the risk of a one-time spike in income that could trigger the IRMAA. For instance, by timing a Roth conversion properly, you can avoid the IRMAA when you convert and when you take distributions. Learn more about strategies, such as how to lower taxes on required minimum distributions.
Here's a look at the IRMAA and what it might cost you in 2025.
What is IRMAA?
IRMAA is a surcharge that some Medicare enrollees must pay in addition to regular Medicare Part B and Part D premiums. The surcharge is based on your Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) from two years ago. In other words, the 2025 IRMAA brackets are based on your MAGI from 2023.
The SSA determines who pays an IRMAA based on the income reported two years prior. The SSA looks at your 2023 tax returns to see if you must pay an IRMAA in 2025.
For 2025, beneficiaries whose 2023 income exceeded $106,000 (individual return) or $212,000 (joint return) pay a higher total Medicare Part B premium amount depending on income.
The 2025 IRMAA surcharge amounts for Part B will be added on top of the basic Part B premium of $185, an increase of $10.60 from 2024. Part B surcharges range from $74 to $443.90.
You can easily determine your 2025 Part B and Part D total premiums by adding the income-related monthly adjustment amount to the 2025 premium costs. For 2025, the Part B premium is $185 and the Part D is, on average, $46.50.
Income brackets and surcharge amounts for Part B and Part D IRMAA
Single | Married, filing jointly | Part B Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount | Part D Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount |
|---|---|---|---|
Less than or equal to $106,000 | Less than or equal to $212,000 | $0 | $0 |
Greater than $106,000 and less than or equal to $133,000 | Greater than $212,000 and less than or equal to $266,000 | $74 | $13.70 |
Greater than $133,000 and less than or equal to $167,000 | Greater than $266,000 and less than or equal to $334,00 | $185 | $35.30 |
Greater than $167,000 and less than or equal to $200,000 | Greater than $334,00 and less than or equal to $400,000 | $295.90 | $57.00 |
Greater than $200,000 and less than $500,000 | Greater than $400,000 and less than $750,000 | $406.90 | $78.60 |
Greater than or equal to $500,000 | Greater than or equal to $750,000 | $443.90 | $85.80 |
The income adjustments for Medicare enrollees who are married and live with their spouses at any time during the year, but who file separate tax returns from their spouses, are steeper than for married couples filing jointly.
Here are the 2025 IRMAA amounts for married taxpayers who file separately:
Part B Coverage. For 2025, if your income is greater than $106,000 and less than $394,000, the IRMAA amount is $406.90. If your income is greater than or equal to $394,000, the IRMAA amount is $443.90.
Medicare Part D. If your income is greater than $106,000 and less than $394,000, the IRMAA amount is $78.60. If income is greater than or equal to $394,000, the IRMAA amount is $85.80.
Types of income that trigger the IRMAA
The Medicare surcharge is based on your MAGI from two years ago. Use your 2023 tax return to see if you're liable for the surcharge in 2025.
For 2025, the surcharge is based on your MAGI in 2023. For purposes of calculating the surcharge, MAGI consists of your adjusted gross income, plus:
- Tax-exempt interest that has been earned or accrued. For instance, municipal bonds, which can be significant for a lot of retirees
- Interest from U.S. savings bonds used for qualifying education expenses
- Income earned abroad that was excluded from gross income
- Nontaxable income from U.S. territories, including Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands
A well-timed Roth IRA conversion can help you avoid the IRMAA, as distributions from Roth accounts don't count toward your MAGI.
The good news is that you can appeal and request a redetermination, especially if you’ve had a life-changing event, such as the death of a spouse or the loss of pension income.
How to pay your Part B and Part D IRMAA
IRMAA surcharges for Part B and Part D are paid separately. Part B IRMAA is automatically added to your monthly premium bill. The Part D IRMAA must be paid directly to Medicare, not your plan or employer.
It’s your responsibility to pay it even if your employer or a third party (e.g., retirement system) pays your Part D plan premiums. You’ll get a bill each month from Medicare for your Part D IRMAA, and you can pay it the same way you pay your Part B premiums.
All Medicare bills are due on the 25th of the month. In most cases, your premium is due the same month that you get the bill. If you miss a payment, or if Medicare gets your payment late, your next bill will also include a past due amount.
Here are four ways you can pay your Part B premium:
- Online through your secure Medicare account, which is the fastest way to pay. Use this free service to pay by credit card, debit card or from your checking or savings account. Don’t create or use a Pay.gov account to make your Medicare payment. Use your Medicare account to pay your bill
- Sign up for Medicare Easy Pay. With this free service, Medicare automatically deducts your premium payments from your savings or checking account each month. It can take up to six to eight weeks for your automatic deductions to start. You'll need to pay your premiums another way until your automatic deductions start
- Mail your payment to Medicare. Pay by check, money order, credit card, or debit card. Fill out the payment coupon at the bottom of your bill, and include it with your payment. If you’re paying by credit or debit card, be sure to complete and sign the coupon. If you don’t have your payment coupon, write your Medicare Number on the check or money order. If you don’t sign the coupon, Medicare can’t process your payment, and it will be returned to you. Use the return envelope that came with your bill, and mail your Medicare payment coupon and payment to: Medicare Premium Collection Center, PO Box 790355, St. Louis, MO 63179-0355
- Use your bank’s online bill payment service
Notification of IRMAA liability and what you can do
If Social Security determines that you should pay an IRMAA, they will mail you a notice called an initial determination. This notice should include information on how to request a new initial determination. A new initial determination is a revised decision that Social Security makes regarding your IRMAA.
If you can demonstrate to Social Security that a “life-changing event” has affected your income, it will reduce or waive your premiums. If your request for a redetermination is denied, you can appeal that decision. There are three additional levels of appeals you can try: the Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals; the Medicare Appeals Council; and the federal district court where you live.
You might need to hire an attorney for some of these levels, which are primarily used by beneficiaries appealing decisions about coverage.
Keep an eye on your income
The IRMAA is a “cliff” surcharge. That means if your modified adjusted gross income exceeds the threshold by as little as a dollar, you'll have to pay higher premiums. Your eligibility is based on your income two years before an assessment.
In 2025, it's based on your 2023 income.
Public sector retirees who received a raise might be fretting that the increase in benefits from the Social Security Fairness Act could trigger the IRMAA in 2026 or 2027. Unfortunately, those retirees will have to wait to find out if the increase in monthly benefits will be big enough to do so.
The Social Security Administration hasn't released any information about when the increases will be paid, other than that it will be a long process and might take more than a year to fully implement.
Be mindful of the risk of a one-time spike in income that could trigger the IRMAA. For instance, by timing a Roth conversion properly, you can avoid the IRMAA when you convert and when you take distributions.
Learn more about strategies, such as how to lower taxes on required minimum distributions.
Related Content
- Medicare Premiums 2026: Projected IRMAA Brackets and Surcharges for Parts B and D
- Brace for Higher Health Costs in 2026: A Look at Projected Medicare Premiums
- You Can Appeal the IRMAA for Medicare Parts B and D
- Six Medicare Changes Coming in 2026
- Four Proposed Changes to Medicare in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act — and What Ended Up in the Signed Bill
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