For the past 20 years, a majority of Americans have saved and invested for retirement on their own because company pension plans are largely a thing of the past. Living on Social Security alone during retirement isn’t appealing for most of us, since the maximum benefit is around $46,000/year for 2024. But how much and where should we invest for retirement?
The short answer: Most people should be saving and investing about 15% of their annual income into a retirement savings/investment plan, such as an IRA or 401(k) or 403(b), or some combination.
Saving for retirement through your employer
Companies typically offer some form of retirement savings plan, with employee contributions coming directly out of their paychecks. Often, these are 401(k) or 403(b) plans but could also be 457 or deferred compensation plans, depending on the employer and type of business. Many, but not all, companies will match a specific percentage of their employees’ contributions. If you’re lucky enough to have this option, you should take advantage of it, because it’s free money.
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Investment options for these types of retirement savings plans are generally selected by the employees from a pre-defined list of 15 to 50 mutual funds or similar options. The IRS does set annual contribution limits for the employee portion, which for 2024, was $23,000 for employees under age 50 and $30,500 for employees 50 or older.
Saving on your own
If you work for a small company or for yourself, as an independent contractor, you may not have a company-sponsored 401(k), 403(b) or 457 plan available. In this case, you could set up a Simplified Employee Pension, or SEP IRA, plan if you own your own business or work for yourself as a consultant or entrepreneur. Small companies sometimes do offer a SIMPLE IRA plan, which operates much like a 401(k) but has lower annual contribution limits and requires employers to match at a specific safe-harbor level.
If none of those is available, employees can contribute to their own individual retirement account, or IRA, set up directly with a brokerage firm or bank. IRAs come in two “flavors”: traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs. Their annual IRA contribution limits are even lower than the others mentioned — just $7,000 for those under 50 and $8,000 for those 50 and older. In addition, sometimes higher-income individuals may be prohibited from making contributions altogether (e.g., Roth IRA) or may lose the tax deduction (e.g., traditional IRA). On the plus side, investment options in IRAs are virtually unlimited, with most any stock, bond, ETF or mutual fund available.
Some major tax breaks
One key aspect of these retirement savings plans is their favorable tax treatment. For simplicity, there are two distinct tax advantages associated with these types of plans: (1) tax deduction of employee’s contribution or (2) tax-free withdrawals during retirement. However, each plan gets one or the other — but not both — tax advantages.
For example, most legacy 401(k) plans and traditional IRAs, along with SIMPLE and SEP IRAs, provide a tax deduction for employee contributions. But later, in retirement, all monies distributed from these plans are considered taxable income. The tax benefit comes on the front end, when contributions are made. Once a retiree turns 73 years old, required minimum distributions (RMDs) apply, necessitating withdrawals be taken according to an IRS table. These withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income.
In contrast, Roth IRAs do not provide a front-end tax benefit, meaning employee contributions to Roth IRAs are not deductible. But unlike traditional IRAs, Roth IRA distributions come out tax-free during retirement if the Roth account has been in place for five or more years, and the employee is 59½ years old or older. Roth IRA tax benefits are accrued on the back end, meaning they kick in during retirement, when distributions are taken to supplement Social Security income.
Today, many employer-sponsored retirement plans also allow employee 401(k) contributions to be designated as Roth. This is an excellent way to build up a large retirement account, which may be available tax-free in retirement. And because monies inside a Roth account have already been taxed, no RMDs are generally required.
Which is better: Traditional or Roth?
Both, actually! Using either or both retirement savings/investing vehicle is better than not saving/investing at all. And when it comes to saving for retirement, sooner is always better than later, and higher contributions are always better than lower.
If I were advising a 25-year-old employee just starting out and making $50,000 per year, I’d suggest building up their Roth 401(k) and/or Roth IRA as much as possible, because a tax deduction at that income level isn’t as critical at this juncture. But, if my client were 58 years old and making $650,000 annually, I’d suggest they use all the tax deductions they can get right now because they’re in a very high tax bracket already. This means using a traditional 401(k) or IRA for this client would be my suggestion.
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