How Much Cash Should Retirees Hold?

Retirees tread a tricky line: Keep enough cash in their pockets to cover the unexpected but not so much that inflation nibbles away at their nest egg. However, in my firm’s experience, we find many retirees maintain only a fraction of the optimal level of cash.

Although many savers rely on the “three-to-six months' of expenses” rule of thumb, many fail to consider how their needs change in retirement. Research suggests most people require a significantly larger cash reserve during this stage of life, especially if they rely on their investment portfolio for a substantial portion of their income.

We understand why people can be averse to holding more cash, given the abysmally low yields on savings accounts and CDs. We also acknowledge that longtime habits are hard to break.

Having said that, if you are in or approaching retirement, we strongly suggest taking another look at your cash levels. There are several benefits to maintaining a larger reserve – some of which aren’t obvious:

#1: Safety During Stock Market Downturns

Creating a reliable income stream is much harder than in past generations, when Treasury yields were higher and life spans were shorter. Prior generations were able to retire comfortably by investing in long-term government bonds and simply living off the interest.

Conditions are more difficult now. With the low rates on guaranteed investments (you’re lucky if you can get anything near 2.5% on one-year CDs these days), an investor must be willing to take on market risk in order to outpace inflation, or else his standard of living will erode. Rising life expectancies compound the challenge.

Outside of a catastrophic event (a health emergency, etc.), the greatest retirement risk is having to withdraw funds from a portfolio during severe market conditions, which happened to many people during the Great Recession. These withdrawals magnify the impact of the downturn, since more securities need to be sold at temporarily low prices in order to cover their expenses.

One way to mitigate this risk is to maintain enough cash to ride out a bear market, thereby allowing your portfolio to recover before making further withdrawals. How much? The necessary reserve will depend upon your specific asset mix. For example, a portfolio consisting entirely of intermediate-term government bonds will require less of a cushion than an all-stock portfolio. For a balanced portfolio of 60% stocks and 40% bonds, you might need to keep roughly three years’ worth of anticipated withdrawals in cash.

#2: Peace of Mind? Priceless

Some retirement worries are outside of your control, such as market or economic conditions. Where possible, however, any concerns that can be eliminated should be.

There is a tremendous amount of comfort in knowing your immediate portfolio distributions are safe. With ample reserves, it’s much easier to maintain a longer-term perspective when markets become choppy.

#3: Higher Returns, Greater Overall Wealth

This is the perhaps greatest surprise to most people, because it seems counterintuitive. However, a higher level of cash reserves can lead to greater overall returns, because it allows an investor to maintain more risk in the remaining portfolio. These higher expected returns might more than offset the idle cash, and potentially produce far greater wealth long-term.

Best Practices for Your Cash Reserves

For those withdrawing around 4% of their initial portfolio, research generally shows the optimal long-term portfolio mix to be roughly 60% to 70% stocks, with the rest in high-quality bonds. When combined with a reserve of three years' worth of anticipated withdrawals, this provides a powerful blend of liquidity and safety combined with long-term growth potential.

To mitigate the impact of low yields, we typically recommend maintaining only a portion of this cushion in money market funds or savings accounts. Remaining cash can be allocated into CDs, short-term high-grade bonds, or other slightly less liquid assets that can potentially outperform money market rates. Short-term U.S. Treasury ETFs are a good example, while those in a higher tax bracket may prefer low duration municipal bond funds that maintain a high credit quality.

One cautionary note: Don’t fall victim to the temptation to “reach for yield” in this sleeve of your portfolio. As investors learned in the Great Recession, the risk entailed with even a slight increase in yield can be significant. It’s not worth risking the sustainability of your portfolio in order to potentially earn a little bit more on your cash. This is where you play it safe.

Conclusion

Maintaining optimal cash levels is a key part of an integrated retirement plan. If you haven’t reviewed your cash allocations recently, the recent return of market volatility might be a compelling reason to take another look.