The Trouble with Index Funds

Nowadays everybody loves index funds. What’s not to love? On average, index funds outpace roughly two-thirds of actively managed funds. And because most major market indexes are way up since the nadir of the bear market on March 9, 2009, anyone who has been in an index fund since then has undoubtedly earned a lot of money.

Consider just a few performance numbers: Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index has returned an annualized 25.6% (192.2% on a cumulative basis). The Russell 2000 index of small companies has done even better, soaring an annualized 29.9% (242.2% cumulative). The MSCI EAFE index, which follows stocks in developed foreign markets, has risen an annualized 20.8% (143.2% cumulative). Even Barclays Aggregate U.S. Bond index, which tracks the high-quality part of the domestic bond market, has gained an annualized 5.1%, or a cumulative 26.5%. (All returns are through November 19.)

Any half-decently run index fund has matched the returns of those indexes, minus 0.1 or 0.2 percentage point to account for fund expenses. So why bother with any other kind of fund?

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Here’s the rub: Stock-index funds seek to reflect the overall stock market, and that means tracking the market’s downs as well as its ups. Most investors want to be cushioned from the brunt of bear markets, and actively managed funds are a better place to look for that protection. That’s why a mix of index funds and actively managed funds may be your best bet as an investor.

It’s no coincidence that index funds have increased in popularity during the current bull market. The charm will likely fade for many during the next bear market. During the last bear market, when the S&P 500 plunged 55.3%, many investors flocked to actively managed funds that promised some relief from the pain—whether by holding cash or bonds or buying stocks that were less volatile than those that dominate the S&P 500, the most popular index for passive funds.

Don’t get me wrong. There’s a lot to like about broad-based index mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, most of which track indexes. (I’d avoid most of the narrow ETFs, which are proliferating like rabbits.) Index funds are cheap, especially if they come from a low-cost firm such as Vanguard. It’s easy to pick index funds; you don’t have to pore over newsletters, fund reports and magazine articles. Index funds are tax-friendly in that they don’t pay out big capital gains the way actively managed funds do. Finally, broad index funds offer diversification—the one free lunch in investing.

But don’t put all your money in index funds, especially if you’re worried about the next vicious bear market. That’s ample reason to favor funds that should produce solid returns in good markets but that also held up relatively well in the 2007-09 massacre. For example, FPA Crescent (symbol FPACX) lost only 27.9% during the bloodbath, compared with a 55.3% plunge for the S&P 500. Others that held up reasonably well were Matthews Asian Growth & Income (MACSX), down 39.4%, Vanguard Dividend Growth (VDIGX), off 42.3%, and Yacktman Fund (YACKX), down 46.5%.

Index funds don’t have those shock absorbers. “There are a lot of good defensive strategies in active management,” says Russel Kinnel, director of fund research at Morningstar. Of course, the trick is to find good actively managed funds. Many actively run funds lost as much as or more than index funds during the last bear market.

When to use index funds? Start with large-company U.S. stocks. These companies are so widely followed and so carefully scrutinized by investors and analysts that it’s difficult for active managers to add value through their stock-picking skills. Large foreign companies in the developed world are almost as thoroughly researched.

When to use actively managed funds? When you can find a relatively low-cost fund that has produced strong risk-adjusted results compared with its benchmark over a long period (at least five years) under the same manager.

In more normal times, index fund investors could sensibly reduce their portfolio’s overall volatility simply by increasing their allocations to bonds and cash. But these are still not normal times, and the outlook for high-quality bonds, particularly bond index funds, many of which are filled with government debt, is dismal. Even John Bogle, the former Vanguard Group chief who was instrumental in bringing index funds to the masses, says to avoid generic bond index funds because they own too many government bonds, which are especially susceptible to rising interest rates (bond prices and rates move in opposite directions). And cash, of course, is earning almost nothing.

For most of my money, I’d rather have a manager such as FPA Crescent’s Steve Romick decide how much to invest in stocks, bonds and cash—and have him change those allocations a bit as opportunities emerge. Or I’d like a fund such as Yacktman, which takes a low-risk approach to the markets by loading up on inexpensive, high-quality stocks.

Low-volatility funds, which are becoming more popular, are intriguing. They start with a regular index and remove its most-volatile stocks. But these funds are too new and untested for me to trust yet. The ones I’ve looked at have big exposures to some industry sectors and little to others. They’re not truly index funds—at least they don’t fully reflect the overall market.

To me, a mix of index and actively managed funds makes the most sense. That way you keep your costs low and keep your risks relatively low, too.

Steven T. Goldberg is an investment adviser in the Washington, D.C., area.