Donna LeValley
One funding source for Medicare is a surcharge known as the income-related monthly adjustment amount (IRMAA) that's paid by beneficiaries when their income exceeds a certain threshold.
It's assessed based on your tax return from two years prior. For 2025, your liability for the IRMAA was based on your 2023 tax return. This surcharge applies to individuals with traditional Medicare or Medicare Advantage plans.
Means testing is a hot topic when it comes to government benefits. But it's not just an academic debate, as high-income Medicare beneficiaries already pay higher premiums.
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In reality, requiring wealthier people to pay more can get a bit messy when income spikes for, say, just one year. Here's a look at some of the most frequent questions that come up regarding the IRMAA, including when it can be waived.
1. Who has to pay extra?
The IRMAA is triggered when modified adjusted gross income from two years prior — that is, adjusted gross income plus tax-exempt interest income — exceeds a threshold. In 2025, $212,000 on a married-filing-jointly tax return or $106,000 on an individual's return in 2023 triggered the IRMAA.
The surcharges rise in four steps. The highest-income beneficiaries pay $628.90 for Part B and $85.80 on top of their premium for Part D drug coverage. For couples filing jointly, each spouse gets socked with these higher amounts.
2. How long has IRMAA been around?
The Part B surcharge was created by the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, which is better known for creating Part D prescription drug coverage, and went into effect in 2007. The Affordable Care Act imposed the high-income surcharge on Part D, which kicked in in 2011. In 2018, the Bipartisan Budget Act created a 5th IRMAA bracket. Those that land in the 5th bracket are now required to pay 85% of program costs, up from 80%.
"The Part B surcharge works differently than the Part D surcharge," says Juliette Cubanski, deputy director of the program on Medicare policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation.
The Part B surcharge is an add-on to the standard premium set by the government (for 2025, the standard amount is $185.00), and the total amount is paid to the government.
For Part D, the premium you pay varies by the plan you select; the average monthly premium for 2025 is $46.50. You pay the Part D premium to your insurer, but you pay the extra amount for IRMAA to the government.
3. Are the income thresholds adjusted for inflation?
The Part B trigger points were originally adjusted annually for inflation. But the ACA temporarily froze the thresholds for nine years from 2011 through 2019.
However, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 did introduce a 5th IRMAA bracket for high-income earners and stipulated that this new bracket would not be adjusted for inflation until 2028 at the earliest.
Under current law, inflation adjustments are made annually based on the Consumer Price Index.
4. What year's income is used?
The surcharge is based on income from your tax return two years ago — the most recent IRS data the government has when premiums are set in late fall.
To determine 2026 premiums, for instance, income reported on your 2024 return filed in early 2025 was used. If your income exceeded the thresholds in 2025, you’ll probably owe the surcharges in 2027, and so on.
If you are subject to the IRMAA, be sure to read your predetermination notice closely. If the IRS sent old data, and you’d like them to use newer information on your tax return, or if you filed an amended tax return for the year the SSA used to make the IRMAA decision, you can contact the SSA to correct the situation. Be prepared to supply a copy of the newer or amended return.
5. What if my income has gone down?
That's the reason for the word "probably" in the previous answer.
If you got hit with the surcharge this year, but your income has fallen since 2024, you might qualify for a waiver.
If you experienced a qualifying "life-changing event," you can easily get the surcharge waived — but you have to ask. Those events include retirement, divorce or death of a spouse.
"It's a finite list of things that will qualify," notes David Lipschutz, associate director for the Center for Medicare Advocacy. Read the full list in Social Security's publication Medicare Premiums: Rules for Higher-Income Beneficiaries (PDF).
6. How do I get the waiver?
"Ask for a new determination," says Leslie Fried, senior director of the Center for Benefits Access at the National Council on Aging, and file Form SSA-44 (PDF) with the Social Security Administration.
You'll need to provide documentation of the qualifying event and an estimate of your lower income for the year, which the government will use to recalculate your premiums.
If you're applying because you retired, for instance, include a letter from your former employer certifying the date of your retirement. You can also provide an estimate of lower income for the following year; by the third year, your lower income should show up on the tax return used to determine premiums.
7. Does a one-time windfall count as a life-changing event?
No. If you receive a windfall that will boost your income for the year — such as selling an investment for a large profit — immediately consider ways to lower your adjusted gross income, such as harvesting capital losses or, if you’re still working, boosting retirement account contributions.
Consider delaying any Roth conversions, which are taxable events, to a lower-income year.
If you can rein in your adjusted gross income below the threshold before December 31, you'll stave off the surcharge based on that year's income.
While the impact amounts to an "indirect tax" of about 1% to 2% relative to income, "if you're close to the threshold, it pays to do additional tax planning to stay on the right side of the line — minimizing or deferring income where possible," says Michael Kitces, head of planning strategy for Focus Partners.
8. How long do the surcharges last?
There's a silver lining to the surcharges — they're applied on an annual basis.
"You might have it one year and not the next," says Fried.
Unlike late enrollment penalties that can last a lifetime, the surcharge can be temporary. As soon as your income falls below the thresholds, the surcharge will drop off.
Say you owed the surcharge in 2026 as a result of temporarily high income in 2024, but your income fell back below the thresholds in 2025. Good news: The surcharge will go away in 2027.
9. The higher premium does not equate to additional coverage
Paying a higher Medicare premium doesn't mean you get any additional benefits, unlike with other insurance.
The IRMAA is a surcharge on Medicare premiums for higher-income individuals that's designed to help fund the Medicare program. The additional money collected through IRMAA offsets the costs of Medicare benefits for all plan participants, including those who don't pay IRMAA.
For most beneficiaries, the government pays a substantial portion — about 75% — of the Part B premium, and the beneficiary pays the remaining 25%. If you are subject to the IRMAA, you'll pay monthly Part B premiums equal to 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%, or 85% of the total cost, depending on your income.
While Medicare Advantage plans sometimes offer perks not included in traditional Medicare, they're available to anyone who has that plan. Everyone in a particular plan has the same coverage.
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