Our tax map for middle-class families and related tax content includes data from a wide range of sources. To generate our rankings, we created a metric to compare the tax burden for a hypothetical middle-class family in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Kiplinger Tax Map
- ARTICLE: 10 Most Tax-Friendly States for Middle-Class Families
- ARTICLE: 10 Least Tax-Friendly States for Middle-Class Families
- MAP: State-by-State Guide to Taxes on Middle-Class Families
- RELATED: The Retiree Tax Map
Data Sources:
Income Taxes – Our income tax information comes from each state's tax agency. Income tax forms and instructions were also used. See more about how we calculated the income tax for our hypothetical family below under "Ranking method."
Property Taxes – The median property tax rate is based on the median property taxes paid and the median home value in each state for 2021 (the most recent year available). The data comes from the U.S. Census Bureau (opens in new tab). By using data on taxes actually paid and median home values, differences between the cost of housing from one state to another are factored into the equation (although the median property tax rate is still a statewide figure).
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Sales Taxes – State sales tax rates are from each state's tax agency. We also cite the Tax Foundation's (opens in new tab) 2022 midyear average combined sales tax rate, which is a population-weighted average of state and local sales taxes. In states that let local governments add sales taxes, this gives an estimate of what most people in a given state actually pay, as those rates can vary widely.
Motor Fuel Taxes – The American Petroleum Institute prepares annual reports (opens in new tab) of state motor fuel tax rates. We used January 2022 data but made several updates to reflect new rates effective since then. Values include excise taxes, sales taxes (when applicable) and a variety of fees that states impose.
Sin Taxes – Information about "sin taxes" on tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, and marijuana comes from a variety of sources, including state tax agencies, Federation of Tax Administrators (opens in new tab), Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (opens in new tab), and Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (opens in new tab).
Estate and Inheritance Taxes – Data from each state tax agency was used for estate and inheritance tax information.
Ranking Method:
The "tax-friendliness" of a state depends on the sum of income, sales and property taxes paid by our hypothetical middle-class family.
To determine the income tax component, we prepared tax returns for each state and the District of Columbia for a married couple with two dependent children, an earned income of $77,000, long-term capital gains of $1,500, qualified dividends of $1,000, and taxable interest of $500. They had $4,500 in state income taxes withheld from their wages. They also paid $3,000 in real estate taxes, paid $2,800 in mortgage interest, and donated $2,300 (cash and property) to charity. We calculated these 2021 returns using tax software from Cash App (opens in new tab) (adjustments were made to account for certain 2022 tax law changes).
How much they paid in sales taxes was calculated using the sales tax deduction tables in the instructions for federal Schedule A (Form 1040) (opens in new tab) and the Tax Foundation's (opens in new tab) 2022 midyear average combined sales tax rates.
How much the hypothetical family paid (and deducted on their income tax return) in property taxes was calculated by assuming a residence with $300,000 assessed value and then applying each state's median property tax rate to that amount.
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