Bond ratings are an important market factor for every investor to understand. In short, bond ratings can help you decide whether to make an investment.
Knowing what bond ratings mean can help you diversify your portfolio in an efficient way and to manage your overall risk.
At the most basic level, bond ratings indicate the likelihood of repayment in accordance with the terms of the issuance. But competing bond rating systems can make it more complicated to understand what ratings mean.
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Let's dig into the agencies and their respective bond ratings to better understand how to use them to evaluate the risks of your potential fixed-income investments.
The relationship between risk and yield
When you buy bonds, it's tempting to look for the highest available yields. But yield figures can be misleading.
You also need to consider the quality of the bond itself. If there's any doubt about the ability of the bond issuer to pay on time, high yield could be poor compensation for the risk.
In general, small investors should stick with high-quality bonds.
At the top of the safety scale are U.S. government bonds. The government is the only borrower in the market that can print money to pay its debts, if necessary.
Treasury bonds, notes and bills are backed by the full faith and credit of the government. They top the list of the safest financial assets you can buy.
Securities issued by U.S. agencies, corporations and local governmental units have a higher risk profile.
Here, you'll find bonds ranging in quality from those that are nearly as solid as U.S. government issues to those close to or already in default.
How do you find high-quality bonds? Reliable and respected ratings agencies gather all the data and issue bond ratings.
Financial professionals all over the world use bond ratings, which greatly impact bond prices and bond yields.
What are the main bond ratings agencies?
Most widely traded bonds are rated by at least one of the major agencies in the field — Moody's Investors Service and Standard & Poor's Corp.
Fitch also rates bond issues for default risk.
S&P Investment Grade Ratings: AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B
Moody's Investment Grade Ratings: Aaa, Aa, A, Baa
S&P Speculative Grade Ratings: BB, B, CCC, CC, D
Moody's Speculative Grade Ratings: Ba, B, Caa, Ca, C
Standard & Poor's AA, A, BBB, BB and B ratings are sometimes supplemented with a plus or a minus sign to raise or lower a bond's position within the group.
Moody's applies numerical modifiers in each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa.
The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its rating; a 2 indicates a midrange rank; and a 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of the generic rating category.
The investment grades include bonds ordinarily bought by individuals and institutional investors seeking a steady stream of income and safety.
BBB/Baa are the lowest ratings that qualify for commercial bank investments.
It's a borderline group for which, in Standard & Poor's words, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to pay interest and repay principal than for bonds in higher-rated categories.
Dipping below BBB/Baa takes you into speculative territory. Because of their higher risk of default, such bonds must pay higher yields.
"High yield" is the marketing name for what most people call junk bonds.
Moody's and Standard & Poor's don't always agree on a bond's rank. It's not unusual for them to rate an issue one grade apart.
If you see this happening, take it as a sign of uncertainty about the company that issued the bond.
How bond ratings affect price
Normally, you pay a higher price, and receive a lower yield, with each notch you move up the quality scale.
A triple-A bond usually costs more than a double-A with comparable characteristics, a double-A costs more than an A, and so on.
Few investment-grade issues have defaulted, but the few instances of default are enough to reinforce the attractiveness of the highest ratings.
The rating agencies try to track the financial condition of issuers and update their ratings if necessary.
Many issues are either upgraded or downgraded each year, so check current ratings when buying bonds that have been on the market for some time.
The bottom line on bond ratings
Bonds are often considered a safe way to park money, collect interest and cash in at maturity. That's true of investment-grade bonds, but not all bonds get that coveted rating.
Ratings agencies do a thorough analysis and grade bonds according to their risk, including likelihood of default.
Use their bond ratings as a guidepost and don't take on more risk that you can bear for the promise of a large return that might never materialize.
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