How the 401(k)-IRA Rollover Thought Process Works
Every decision has a consequence. From RMDs and taxes to passing on an inheritance, go step by step to make an informed choice.


Approaching 70 in less than a year, my client Cathy — trim, vibrant, silver hair up in a bun — is still enjoying her work and has no plans to retire.
But with that milestone age of 70½ right around the corner — the age when required minimum distributions kick in — she had questions.
Cathy’s family is important to her, and her mind was focused on what to do about her 401(k). She learned by calling her plan’s custodian that there are limitations on how her grandchildren can inherit some of that money. The plan isn’t as flexible as she would like.
From just $107.88 $24.99 for Kiplinger Personal Finance
Be a smarter, better informed investor.

Sign up for Kiplinger’s Free Newsletters
Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and more - straight to your e-mail.
Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice - straight to your e-mail.
The plan custodian suggested she might want to move some of her 401(k) funds to an IRA, but Cathy wasn’t sure what that would mean when it comes to taxes for her and the ones she loves. You see, with everything there is a trade-off, a pro, a con, maybe even a string attached. Cathy wanted to know what she was in for.
Advantages of an IRA rollover
On the “pro” side, she would have more choices. She could invest in almost any financial instrument with her IRA funds, including something that might better meet the objectives she had in mind when thinking of her grandchildren. Her 401(k) plan’s options are limited.
She also would be able to create a stretch IRA to benefit the grandchildren. A stretch allows each beneficiary to take distributions based on his or her individual age and life expectancy according to the IRS table.
Cathy liked the idea of providing steady income to help with school expenses, a home purchase and whatever else might come up as her grandchildren got older. She also liked that the IRA would always have her name on it. She truly felt that would be a legacy.
Still, she wanted to know what the trade-offs would be.
Advantages of sticking with a 401(k)
While Cathy works, her 401(k) has some benefits. She can continue to contribute pretax dollars without an age restriction. That part wouldn’t change by rolling some of the account over to an IRA. She would still be able to make those contributions.
More important, as long as she keeps working for her current employer, Cathy is also exempt from taking a required minimum distribution (RMD) on that particular 401(k) when she turns 70½. If she rolled any of the 401(k) into an IRA, that IRA would become subject to the RMD. At 70½, she’d have to take out money, whether she wanted it or needed it. And she’d have to pay taxes on it.
This is a vital consideration — the string attached, so to speak. Cathy feels her work helps her stay healthy, so she plans to keep at it for years to come. Her husband already has Social Security and a pension, and Cathy will start Social Security at age 70. The RMDs would only add to their tax burden, and Cathy wanted to know by how much. She had several questions:
- What would that RMD cost in overall taxes each year?
- Would the extra income raise the percentage of Social Security income that could be taxed?
- Or, if the RMD was small, would it have any impact at all?
RMD possibilities
Cathy also had to decide what she should do with the RMD funds she took from the IRA.
She knew she wanted to earmark the money for her grandchildren, but she would have to determine how to best position the now-taxed dollars to maximize their benefit. She could create a stock portfolio and, as long as she didn’t sell anything, she wouldn’t pay taxes on it. She would have to pay taxes on any dividends earned, but then she could reinvest the money she made. Cathy will want to consider how capital gains might affect her investments before making any final decisions. On death, the stock would receive a step up in basis, and therefore would not be taxed to her grandchildren.
Her other option was life insurance. She could purchase a policy into which she would put her RMDs. This would also distribute money tax free to her grandchildren.
Decision time
Ultimately, after going over all the alternatives and their implications, Cathy chose to roll a portion of her 401(k) into an IRA and name her grandchildren as beneficiaries to create the “stretch” for them. She decided to use the RMDs for life insurance to further her legacy goals.
So much in our retirement planning is about more than money. Often our choices reflect our values in life. Cathy decided to face the possibility of additional taxes so she could provide financial security for her grandchildren.
What are your values? What would you have done?
Kim Franke-Folstad contributed to this article.
Profit and prosper with the best of Kiplinger's advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and much more. Delivered daily. Enter your email in the box and click Sign Me Up.

Nancy Fleming, CFP®, is the president of Fleming Financial Services, based in Gilbert, Arizona. She is an Investment Adviser Representative and licensed insurance professional.
-
I'm an Investment Strategist: This Is How the Fed's Next Rate Move Could Impact Your Wallet
Interest rate cuts might be coming, which could affect everything from your credit card debt to your mortgage. It's smart to prepare now — here's how.
-
I'm a Retirement Planner: These Are Three Common Tax Mistakes You Could Be Making With Your Investments
Don't pay more tax on your investments than you need to. You can keep more money in your pocket (or for retirement) by avoiding these three common mistakes.
-
Want to Shave 10 Hours Off Your Workweek? A Startup Expert Shows How AI Can Help
Artificial intelligence is overhauling how companies operate, freeing up entrepreneurs and their workers to skip the menial stuff and get down to business.
-
Four Clever and Tax-Efficient Ways to Ditch Concentrated Stock Holdings, From a Financial Planner
Holding too much of one company's stock can put your financial future at risk. Here are four ways you can strategically unwind such positions without triggering a massive tax bill.
-
Beyond Banking: How Credit Unions Serve Their Communities
Credit unions differentiate themselves from traditional banks by operating as member-owned financial cooperatives focused on community support and service rather than shareholder profit.
-
Answers to Every Early Retiree's Questions This Year, From a Wealth Adviser
From how to retire in a crazy market to how much to withdraw and how to spend without feeling guilty, a financial pro shares the advice he's given this year.
-
The Risks of Forced DST-to-UPREIT Conversions, From a Real Estate Expert
Some new Delaware statutory trust offerings are forcing investors into 721 UPREIT conversions at the end of the hold period, raising concerns about loss of control, limited liquidity, opaque valuations and unexpected tax liabilities.
-
I'm a Financial Adviser: You've Built Your Wealth, Now Make Sure Your Family Keeps It
The Great Wealth Transfer is well underway, yet too many families aren't ready. Here's how to bridge the generation gap that could threaten your legacy.