Many people who leave jobs in mid-career choose to fly solo and start their own businesses, working out of their homes. Once you switch from life as an employee to being an independent contractor, your tax situation changes, too. Here are several things to keep in mind to keep your tax house in order:
Your employer used to take care of withholding your income taxes and sending payments to the IRS. But once you're self-employed, it'll be up to you to make estimated tax payments to IRS during the year to cover your federal tax liability, unless you expect to owe less than $1,000. You make your payments quarterly, using Form 1040 ES.
Self-Employment Tax
To cover your Social Security and Medicare tax liability, in 2014 you'll owe Uncle Sam 15.3% on the first $117,000 of your net earnings from self-employment. For net earnings above that level, you'll still owe Medicare tax of 2.9%. The good news? You can deduct half of your self-employment tax when figuring adjusted gross income on your 1040. The deduction means the government effectively refunds a good chunk of the employer share of the Social Security tax you pay.
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Business Expenses
You can write off a long list of business costs — everything from business meals to insurance to bad debts. It's important to maintain good records of those expenses so you can get all the tax deductions you deserve. And because you can't deduct personal expenses, you must be sure to keep your business expenses separate. An easy way to do this is to set up a separate bank account for your business and have a credit card used only for business purchases. For expenses incurred that combine business and personal use, you'll need to determine the portion allocated to business and take a deduction only for that portion.
Home Office Deduction
If you're working from home, deducting the costs associated with your home office can be a big tax saver, but the rules are tricky. To get the deduction, the law requires you to use your home office "exclusively and regularly" for your business. It must be an area in your home where you don't mix business with other activities.For example, if the den in your home is used only as your office, you can take the write-off. But if your family also uses the den as a playroom or for watching TV, you don't qualify for the deduction. The office also has to be your principal place of business or a place you meet regularly with clients or patients.
You can qualify even if you spend most of your work time away from the office — as, say, a self-employed plumber who spends most of his time working at clients' homes — as long as you manage the business from the home office and have no other office. If you qualify for home-office deductions, the write-off will help pay for what otherwise would be considered personal expenses, such as part of the cost of heating and lighting and home insurance premiums. Some taxpayers fear that claiming home-office deductions is a "red flag" for a tax audit; but don’t worry about that. If you deserve them, claim them.
In the past, to claim this deduction, you had to keep careful records of costs associated with your home office, such as a percentage of your home utility bills and maybe even depreciation of the value of your home. Now there’s a simpler alternative. The IRS says the deduction can be figured by multiplying the number of square feet devoted to the home office by $5, up to a maximum write off of $1,500 a year. (You hit the max if your office is 300 square feet.) You can use whichever method gives you the bigger deduction.
Retirement Savings
Starting a retirement plan is another great tax saver. And once you're self-employed, your options go far beyond the individual retirement account. Check out SEP (Simplified Employee Pension), SIMPLE (Savings Incentive Match Plan), Keogh and individual 401(k) plans. All allow you to sock away money for retirement and take a tax deduction for those pay-ins.
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