Is a U.S. VAT in the Cards?

There’s plenty of talk about a value-added tax (VAT) these days as a way to ease tax collection and trim the soaring federal deficit. Among others, former Fed Chairman Paul Volcker and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi say a VAT is worth a look. And when President Obama’s deficit reduction commission reports after the elections, a VAT will be one of the options presented. Nevertheless, the odds of the U.S. adopting a value-added tax are slim.

Put simply, a VAT is a type of consumption tax, levied on both consumer sales and the difference between a business’s sales and its purchases of goods and services. Typically, a business tallies the taxes due on its sales, subtracts the VAT it paid on its purchases and sends the difference to the federal government. Retailers collect the VAT at the register and remit it. More than 130 countries have a VAT system in place, including Canada. The advantages of a VAT system? It’s simpler to administer than our current income tax. It’s harder to cheat under a VAT system, although opportunities for evasion still exist. And because a VAT penalizes spending rather than income, it encourages saving, investment and economic growth.

But a value-added tax would be a hard sell to politicians and voters. To bring in as much revenue as the current tax system, the rate would have to be extremely high—in the neighborhood of 35% if all sales are covered. Thinking about a new car? The VAT would slap an additional $10,500 on a $30,000 price tag. What’s more, a VAT hits low incomers the hardest because they have to spend a larger share of their income just for necessities. That’s one reason lawmakers would be pressured to exempt home sales, rents, food and health care from the reaches of the VAT. Doing so would drive the required rate on everything else even higher, however. Credits to ease the blow to low incomers would also force an increase in the overall tax rate.

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Transitioning from today’s income tax system would prove to be an economic and political horror. Businesses would lose depreciation write-offs on assets, including assets bought prior to the switch to the VAT system. For individuals, deductions for mortgage interest and donations to charity would disappear. Retirees and others who paid income tax on money they plowed into savings would be taxed again when the money is spent. The same goes for people who paid tax when converting regular IRAs to Roths with the expectation of tax free withdrawals. They would have to pay the VAT when they spent down their Roth IRAs. Many taxpayers would feel betrayed.

The odds that lawmakers would opt for an add-on VAT—a low-rate tax to generate new government revenue—aren’t much better, despite the large federal deficit. Layering a new consumption tax on top of the income tax would add complexity without the benefit of easing tax administration. And the IRS would grow even larger, since the agency would be charged with enforcing two different tax systems.

Chances of other tax changes this year are far better. Congress, for example, will reinstate the estate tax, retroactive to Jan. 1, 2010, along with the use of the date-of-death value for inherited assets. For 2010, the estate tax has lapsed, and heirs can exclude only up to $1.3 million of gain on sales of inherited assets plus $3 million more for surviving spouses. Unless Congress acts, come next year, heirs can use the date-of-death value for inherited assets again, but the estate tax returns with a puny $1-million exemption and a top rate of 60%. Most lawmakers don’t want that to happen.

The odds favor a gradual rise in the exemption from $3.5 million this year to $5 million in a few years, while the estate tax rate simultaneously falls from 45% to 35%. But there’s a potential constitutional snag with imposing the tax retroactively, and large estates of people who died this year while the estate tax was not in effect are ready to challenge retroactive imposition in the courts. A 35% levy on a $400-million estate produces a $140-million tax—plenty to fight over.

So lawmakers are mulling a compromise to give estates a choice for 2010: Pay using 2009’s rules or take advantage of the one-year repeal of the tax, but pay capital gains tax when some inherited assets are sold. As of right now, though, the idea remains a long shot.

Look for lawmakers to also act by the end of the year on the expiring Bush tax cuts. If they don’t, the maximum income tax rate in 2011 will rise to 39.6%, up from 35% now, and the top rate on capital gains jumps five percentage points—from 15% to 20%. On dividends, the top rate will more than double, increasing to 39.6%, up from 15% currently.

An extension of the rate cuts is a good bet—but only for lower and middle incomers. For filers currently in the 33% and 35% brackets—singles with taxable incomes above around $175,000 and couples with more than $210,000 of taxable income—the cuts will be allowed to lapse. It would be a shocker if lawmakers don’t wait until after the elections to OK the tax increases: No politician wants to raise taxes just before voters go to the polls.

Peter Blank passed away in November 2017. He had worked on the staff of The Kiplinger Tax Letter since 1981 and had edited the publication since 1999. He earned a BSE in civil engineering from Princeton University, a JD from Widener University School of Law and an LLM in taxation from Georgetown University.