Beware the Boom in Stock Buybacks

Executive stock options? Though originally billed as a way to align management and shareholder interests, they are now reviled by investors as a way for management to quietly loot the companies they are paid to run. When done in excess they massively dilute shareholder value over time. They also encourage short-termism and a fixation on raising the company’s stock price in the short term at the expense of planning for the company’s long-term future.

Along the same lines, share repurchases have become popular in recent decades as a tax-efficient alternative to cash dividends. Earnings paid out as dividends are taxed twice, at both the corporate and individual investor levels. But when a company uses that same cash to buy back its own shares in the open market, it can boost earnings per share without creating a taxable event.

And unlike dividends, which are usually paid quarterly, stock buybacks can be done sporadically as cash allows. Raising the regular dividend is a risky move because it is viewed as a firm commitment, and management doesn’t want to be in that awkward position of having to slash the dividend later if conditions take a turn for the worse. But buybacks can be done quietly behind the scenes and can be stopped at any time without drawing too much unwanted attention.

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Again, it sounds good…in theory. In practice, companies tend to have awful timing. They buy their stock when prices are high, but in a market panic, when prices are low, they are often unable to buy because a bad economic outlook causes them to hoard cash. In the worst cases, they actually have to issue new stock…at low prices that dilute shareholders. Buying high and selling low; this is not exactly a formula for maximizing shareholder value.

But the most insidious aspect of stock buybacks is that they often fail to reduce the number of shares outstanding.

Hold the phone…How exactly could a share buyback not reduce the number of shares outstanding?

Simple. The company retires shares bought at full price on the open market to soak up new shares issued at a discount to fulfill employee and executive stock options.

That might be a little hard to digest at first, so allow me to explain. Many companies incentivize their workers with employee stock purchase plans in which the workers are allowed to buy shares of the company stock at a discount of anywhere from 5% to 50%. Alternatively, the company might match employee contributions share for share.

While the company and the workers tend to view these perks as “free money,” they are not free at all. The shareholders pay in the form of share dilution. And the same is true of executive stock options. The new shares created by the executed options dilute the existing shareholders. It may not be a cash expense, but it is a major reduction of shareholder wealth.

To prevent these new shares from diluting earnings per share, management “mops up” by buying back shares on the open market. The problem is that they effectively buy these shares at full price and sell them to employees at a discount, with the shareholders eating the difference. It’s highway robbery that is, sadly, perfectly legal.

So, how big of a problem is this?

Let’s take a look at the most recent buyback data compiled by Factset. Across the S&P 500, the “buyback yield” over the past two years has averaged a little over 3%. This means that over the preceding rolling 12 months, the companies of the S&P 500 have collectively repurchased a little over 3% of their shares outstanding. Over the course of two years, that means that their shares outstanding should have dropped by around 6%.

So, how did that work out in practice?

Not so well. The number of shares outstanding has only fallen by a cumulative 2% over the past two years.

Not all companies are equally guilty here. There are plenty that are legitimately using their excess cash flow to reduce their share counts to the benefit of their shareholders. But market-wide, the boom in buybacks is mostly a sleight of hand used to hide a massive transfer of wealth from shareholders to management and labor.

Charles Lewis Sizemore, CFA, is chief investment officer of the investment firm Sizemore Capital Management and the author of the Sizemore Insights (opens in new tab) blog. As of this writing, he was long MCD, O and UL.