How Uncle Sam Spends Your Taxes

published 1 January 2012

Almost everyone agrees that the federal deficit is a ticking bomb. But few can agree on how to defuse it. Ideas run the gamut from raising taxes to the wholesale elimination of scores of government programs. Some are contradictory. All are controversial.

When you take a look at where the money actually goes, it's easy to see why it's hard to balance the budget.

Social Security, the Big Enchilada

Many folks think that Social Security shouldn't be counted in the federal budget at all, because they contribute to the retirement fund with each paycheck.

In fact, taxes paid in by today's workers aren't socked away for their future retirement, but are paid out as benefits to today's retirees. Estimated Social Security benefits paid in fiscal year 2012 (Oct. 1, 2011-Sept. 30, 2012): About $768 billion including disability payments. For fiscal year 2013, the total will run about $809 billion.

What's more, the so-called trust fund -- where payroll taxes not needed for current payouts are stashed -- consists of about $2.7 trillion in IOUs from the U.S. Treasury. The funds have been borrowed over the past two decades to pay for other federal programs.

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Defense's Big Bite

President Obama proposes a slightly smaller share of the FY 2013 budget be dedicated to defense spending –18%, rather than the 18.6% share it claimed in the FY2012 budget.

The estimated $650 billion tab for FY2013 includes funds for military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and South Korea as well as for 760 bases scattered across the U.S. and abroad. And it pays for research, construction, family housing and myriad defense-related items. About 25% of the total goes to personnel costs, and the figure doesn't include veterans' pensions and health care.

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Medicare and Medicaid: Hungry Twins?

Combined, these two national health care programs rival defense and Social Security as Uncle Sam's biggest expenses. While political candidates of both parties, the White House and Congress talk a lot about cutting these health care costs, lawmakers have avoided taking the tough -- and extremely unpopular – actions needed.

One reason for the big share of the budget devoted to these two programs is the swift increase in the cost of health care, as exciting, but often very expensive, new technologies and drugs are developed. Another is our country's rapidly aging population. Over the next two decades, as more baby boomers reach retirement age, the Medicare rolls will grow by about 30 million. Enrollment in 2012: About 47 million.

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Help for Low-Incomers

In addition to Medicaid, about 10% of the total federal budget is dedicated to assistance for the needy. The total -- about $263 billion for FY 2012 -- includes funds for housing subsidies, food stamps, school lunch and other nutrition programs, aid to families with dependent children (welfare) and other aid, plus the earned income tax credit.

In addition, unemployment insurance will account for a bit less than $94 billion -- and about 2% of the FY 2012 budget, well down from the $160 billion doled out in FY 2010. Look for a FY 2013 tab of about $60-billion.

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Net Interest on the Federal Debt

In fiscal year 2012, Uncle Sam is expected to shell out a whopping $220 billion in interest to the owners of U.S. Treasuries, here and abroad. For the past few years, low interest rates have helped keep a lid on this category. But interest rates won't remain at historical lows forever. Meanwhile, the debt accumulates.

The White House estimates that debt held by the public will approach $12 trillion at the end of FY 2012. If you include intragovernment payments -- by the Treasury to the Social Security Trust Fund, for example -- the grand total will approach $18 billion by the end of FY 2013. Between the rising debt and higher interest rates, interest payments will gobble up an even larger share of the budget in coming years.

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Everything Else

The biggest five items in the federal budget -- Social Security, defense, Medicare, Medicaid, and net interest on the debt -- account for about two-thirds of the total.

Everything from transportation (3.3%), education (1.9%), federal employees' and military retirement (3.8%) to science and space (0.9%) and homeland security (1.3%) comes out of what's left.

International aid -- frequently mentioned as a potential source of savings -- accounts for just 1.4% of spending, and half of that is for humanitarian assistance. All environmental and natural resource programs -- 0.6%. Help for low-incomers, which we have already discussed, is an amalgam of programs whose total adds up to 10% of federal spending.

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Untouchables in the U.S. Budget

Only about a third of the federal budget actually falls under congressional control on an annual basis, and much of that is for defense spending -- where a battle over cuts will be fought next year.

About three-fifths of the budget is dedicated to programs such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps, crop subsidies and other programs for which spending is automatic -- controlled by formulas. Add interest payments to the list of uncontrollables and untouchables, and the share of spending Washington can actually manipulate from year to year is about 16%.

If that entire 16% -- encompassing programs as diverse and as popular as medical and scientific research, space exploration, maintenance of national parks, repairing roads and bridges -- were eliminated, it would reduce the federal deficit only by less than half. Individually, these programs amount to crumbs on Washington's dinner table, where $36 billion is just one bite of the main course.

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Direct Payments to Your Fellow Americans

About 58% of all government spending consists of direct payments from Uncle Sam to individuals. Retirees get Social Security payments, veterans' pensions and Medicare benefits. Students get tuition assistance. Payments are made to farmers to idle erosion-prone land. Victims of natural disasters get a helping hand to rebuild their homes, businesses and lives.

Lobbies for many of these programs are immensely powerful and usually able to deflect attempts to trim spending. And while nearly everyone agrees that belt-tightening is needed, few are willing to cinch in their own waistlines.