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Parcel out the money
How you pay a contractor is almost as important as how much. You never want the money paid to get ahead of the work done because then you have no leverage in a dispute. Spell out the payment schedule in the contract, beginning with the amount to be paid up front. Some states limit down payments to 10% of the contract price; others allow one-third down. When kitchen cabinets or other materials need to be ordered, you can tailor early payments to meet those out-of-pocket costs.
Periodic payments after the work starts should correspond to completed segments of the project -- foundation, framing, plumbing, electrical, drywall, flooring, all the way through finished carpentry and painting. You might tie payments to the cost of doing the work plus a percentage of the profit, or pay 10% to 15% after each milestone (assuming, of course, that the building inspector has signed off on all work that requires inspection). But the best way to ensure that work gets done when and how you want it is to leave a significant sum -- at least 10% -- to be paid only when the job is completed to your satisfaction.
Living with construction can be a nightmare. But instead of resenting the mess, craft a "broom clause" in the contract that assigns responsibility for cleanup or repair. That might have saved Diane Hicks's sanity. When Hicks hired Home Depot to remodel the kitchen in her condo on Pawley's Island, S.C., she was unprepared for what followed. "They left the cabinets in the living room for a month -- in dirty, filthy boxes on my brand-new carpet. There were nicks in the paint. And the granite guys dragged a slab across the carpet, burning a hole in it. They cut the granite inside the condo, and there was dust all over."
Home Depot repaired the carpet, but Hicks was unhappy with the finished project and received a partial refund. Says Home Depot spokesman Don Harrison: "We're responsible for more than 11,000 product installations daily. Unfortunately, it sounds like we let one of our customers down in this instance, and we regret it."
Get it in writing
Countless contractor disputes arise from dashed expectations, which you can prevent by describing both the job and the materials in excruciating detail. For example, instead of writing "Install country-style oak cabinets" -- or, even worse, "Install cabinets" -- experts suggest using precise language, such as "Install kitchen cabinets, per plan, manufactured by company XYZ, model ABC, with finish EFG and matching, 3-inch crown molding."
A start date and at least an approximate completion date are essential in any contract. But just as important is setting a time limit for fixing defects so that if disputes arise, they're not endless. After delivering a written notice, give the contractor, say, 48 hours, seven days, a month -- whatever you negotiate -- to correct the defects as agreed. Stipulate that if the repairs aren't made in time, you're free to hire someone else, using the money you would have paid the original contractor upon final completion of the job.
Despite all of your best defenses, you may still wind up at loggerheads with your contractor. If a kitchen-table conference doesn't settle things, you will have to decide whether to complain formally, and to whom. A state licensing body could be an ally, but it might not be as bloodthirsty as you are. "We always try to solve disputes at the lowest possible level," says Pamela Mares, of the California Contractors State License Board. The board investigates more than 20,000 complaints against contractors annually, and it helped consumers get more than $36 million in restitution in the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2005.
In most states, the process starts with a letter to the contractor. Mediation is often next, in which a neutral third party helps you and the contractor work out a solution. Complaints that remain unresolved may go to arbitration, in which you and the contractor are bound to abide by an arbitrator's final decision. They may also go to an administrative law judge, who will decide your case after a hearing. In California, the arbitration process takes about four months, and the state pays for the hearing, the arbitrator and one expert witness per complaint. Contractors who violate the law may be prosecuted and ordered to make restitution; ultimately, they may also lose their licenses.
Last resorts
Some states and municipalities, including California, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada and New York City, have established funds to reimburse homeowners for shoddy workmanship and violations of building codes, licensing requirements and home-improvement laws. Usually, you can tap the funds only if you've exhausted other means of resolution. And claims are typically limited -- to $35,000 in Nevada, for example, and $15,000 in both Maryland and New York City. None of these protections is available if you hire an unlicensed contractor in a state that requires licensure, so don't even think about it. (To see which states license contractors, visit www.contractors-license.org.)
In states where contractors aren't licensed, you can air a grievance with a professional organization, if your contractor is a member. "We take complaints very seriously," says Mimi Makar, executive director of the Greater Chicagoland chapter of the National Association of the Remodeling Industry (find a local chapter at www.nari.org). NARI typically arranges for another contractor to go to the job site to evaluate the problem, and it might get suppliers and even product manufacturers involved, too. Contractors who refuse to address substantive issues could have their membership revoked. The National Association of Home Builders' Remodelors Council may also be able to help resolve an issue.
Absent a regulator or professional organization as an advocate, homeowners looking for restitution can turn to the Better Business Bureau or their local consumer-protection agency. Or a lawyer, of course. But most lawyers would rather you consult with them to review a contract before you sign than fight a contractor afterward. "In many cases, the costs are prohibitive," says Minneapolis lawyer Hammargren. "Attorneys' fees are just a fraction of the cost. Most people have no idea how difficult it can be emotionally." Or how tough it can be to collect an award. Dealing with an insurer can take years, and wrestling with an uninsured contractor can take an eternity.
There is good news, however, if your new gourmet kitchen or home theater is still on the drawing board. The remodeling market may be tilting in your favor as spending on home renovation slows from the recent breakneck pace. Reports are surfacing of contractors giving discounts, providing better plans and more detailed estimates, or following up with customers months after the job is finished -- in other words, providing the kind of service that makes building your dream house bearable.
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